GS1 e learning学习系统是国际物品编码协会开发和维护的一套介绍GS1系统、GDSN、EANCOM及供应链管理等内容的综合性在线基础培训教程，可以有效满足全球学员的学习需求。为让读者方便地掌握GS1系统知识，同时获取相关术语最原汁原味且准确的英文表达,本栏目用中英对照形式呈现课堂重点内容。国内的学习者可以通过在线申请学习这些课程(网址：http://learn.gs1.org)。

GS1 Bar codes have special rules laid down in the GS1 General Specification (available from GS1 Member Organizations).This allows companies to use the bar codes for specific purposes and to a common standard. Global standards for bar codes allows all trading partners to participate and know what they can all reliably read each others bar codes. This is one of the main reasons why GS1 bar codes have become a successful global standard and are used widely in many industries.

 “GS1通用规范”中列出了GS1条码的特定规则，通过遵从这些规则，不同公司在使用一个共同标准的前提下满足各自需求。条码的全球标准确保所有的贸易参与方可以顺利地识读其贸易伙伴的条码。这就是GS1条码成为国际标准并被广泛应用于各个行业的主要原因之一。

A trade Item is any item that is priced or ordered or invoiced at any stage of the supply chain. Retail items are those trade items scanned at a retail check out, commonly referred to as Point Of Sale, or POS. The supermarket is a prime example of an application of the GS1 system with a broad variety of trade items identified by a GTIN encoded in a bar code symbol.

贸易项目是在供应链中可以定价、买卖或开具发票的项目。零售贸易项目是在零售终端（POS系统）扫描结算的贸易项目。超市中绝大多数的贸易项目都使用了GTIN全球贸易项目代码和GS1条码进行标识，这是GS1系统的主要应用之一。

Trade Item Groupings are commonly known as Traded Units,cases or shippers.These are likely to be scanned at Goods-in,on an automated sortation system,when stacked on racking or on pallet.

贸易项目组合通常包括贸易单元、箱或集装箱。在进行收货、自动分拣或层叠放置在货架或托盘上时对贸易项目组合进行扫描。

In addition to the EAN/UPC symbology outlined earlier,the GS1 System supports other bar codes including GS1-128 and ITF-14.Any of the bar code symbols,GS1-128,ITF-14,EAN-13 or UPC-A may be used on the Trade Item Grouping to encode the GTIN. The bar code should always be printed with the bars in picket fence orientation. Care should also be taken to ensure that bar codes on the Trade Items inside the Trade Item Grouping are not visible as this may cause incorrect identification.

除了之前介绍过的EAN/UPC条码，GS1系统还支持其它条码，如：GS1-128条码和ITF-14条码。GS1-128条码，ITF-14条码，EAN-13条码或UPC-A条码都可以用来标识贸易项目组合。条码通常应按“栅栏型”印制。此外，为避免错误标识，在使用贸易项目组合的条码时，不应该扫描其内部贸易项目的条码。

The choice of symbol depends on several factors including the data structure, the printing conditions, the intended application and whether additional data is needed. The example shows a GTIN and “best before data” where a GS1-128 symbol has been selected.

在选择条码符号时应考虑多种因素，如:数据结构、印刷状况、产品实际应用情况以及产品是否需要额外数据。例子告诉我们如需标识产品的GTIN和保质期时，应选用GS1-128条码。

条码符号示例

Orientation of bar code symbols is determined primarily by the print process and curvature of the item. If the printing process and curvature allow, the preferred orientation is “picket fence” rather than “ladder”;that is,the bars of the bar code symbol should be perpendicular to the surface on which the package stands in its normal display position.

条码符号的放置位置首先取决于印刷工艺和该项目的表面曲率，在印刷工艺和表面曲率允许的情况下，最佳的放置位置应该是“栅栏形”，而不是“梯形”。因为，条码符号的放置位置应该与该项目正常放置的位置呈垂直关系。

     纵向“梯形”                   横向“栅栏形”

Bar codes on retail items should ideally be printed with an x-dimension of 0.33mm (equal to 100% magnification) to ensure that they will scan correctly. If the print process allows and space is at premium then the x-dimension may be reduced to a minimum of 0.264mm (equal to 80% magnification).Larger bar codes may also be used. If the retail trade item will also be scanned in the supply chain (e.g.,case of wine) the minimum x-dimension is 0.495mm(equal to 150% magnification)with a maximum of 0.66mm (equal to 200% magnification).

在零售贸易项目上的条码的理想X尺寸（即模块宽度）应该是0.33mm（放大系数为1），这样才能确保扫描顺利。如果印刷过程允许，而且空间也十分有限，那么条码的尺寸可以缩减到0.264mm（放大系数为0.8）。大一些的条码也是可以用的，如果零售贸易项目在供应链中也需要被扫描，那么条码的X尺寸的最小值应该是0.495mm，最大尺寸是0.66mm。

Bar codes should ideally be printed with black bars onto a white background to give the optimum contrast for the scanner. Other colour combinations of dark bars onto a light background may be acceptable. For example dark blue or green bars printed onto a light yellow or red background. Although it appears dark to the human eye, the red backgrounds can be used because red is “write” to red scanner light. Many common problems can be avoided with simple quality control.

条码的最佳颜色搭配是白底黑条，这种搭配可以给识读器最佳的反射率。其他深色条和浅色空的颜色搭配也是可以使用的。比如深蓝色或绿色的条与浅黄色或红色的空搭配。虽然红色的空在人眼看起来是深色的，但它在红色扫描光看来却是“白色”的。很多常见的问题可以通过简单的质量控制避免。

                                                                                               （梁  栋  编译）